ABOUT
COMMERCIAL MORTGAGES
COMMERCIAL MORTGAGES CALIFORNIA
ORANGE COUNTY, SAN DIEGO, LOS ANGELES, SAN FRANCISCO,
SAN JOSE
|
A commercial
mortgage is a mortgage loan secured
by commercial property, such as
an office building, shopping center, industrial warehouse, or apartment
complex. The proceeds from a commercial mortgage are typically used
to acquire, refinance, or redevelop commercial property.
Commercial mortgages
are structured to meet the needs of the borrower and the lender. Key
terms include the loan amount (sometimes referred to as "loan proceeds"),
interest rate, term (sometimes referred to as the "maturity"), amortization
schedule, and prepayment flexibility. Commercial mortgages are generally
subject to extensive underwriting and due diligence prior to closing.
The lender's underwriting process may include a financial review of
the property and the property owner (or "sponsor"), as well as commissioning
and review of various third-party reports, such as an appraisal.
There were $3.1
trillion of commercial and multifamily mortgages outstanding in the
U.S. as of June 30, 2013. Of these mortgages, approximately 49% were
held by banks, 18% were held by asset-backed trusts (issuers of CMBS),
12% were held by government-sponsored enterprises and Agency and GSE-backed
mortgage pools, and 10% were held by life insurance companies.
Terms
Loan
amount
The loan amount
of a commercial mortgage is generally determined based on loan
to value (LTV) and debt
service coverage ratios, more fully discussed below in the section
on underwriting standards.
Loan
structure
Commercial mortgages
can be structured as first
liens or, if a greater loan amount is desired, the borrower may
be able to obtain subordinate
financing as well, sometimes structured as a mezzanine
note or as preferred equity, which
generally carries a higher interest rate.
Interest
rate
Interest rates
for commercial mortgages may be fixed-rate or floating rate. Fixed-rate
mortgages on stabilized commercial real estate are generally priced
based on a spread to swaps,
with the swap spread matched to the term of the loan. Market interest
rates as well as underwriting factors greatly affect the interest
rate quoted on a particular piece of commercial real estate. Interest
rates for commercial mortgages are usually higher than those for residential
mortgages.
Fees
Many commercial
mortgage lenders require an application fee or good-faith deposit,
which is typically used by the lender to cover underwriting expenses
such as an appraisal on the
property. Commercial mortgages may also have origination or underwriting
fees (paid at close as a reduction in loan proceeds) and/or exit fees
(paid when the loan is repaid).
Term
The term of a
commercial mortgage is generally between five and ten years for stabilized
commercial properties with established cash flows (sometimes called
"permanent loans"), and between one and three years for properties
in transition, for example, newly opened properties or properties
undergoing renovation or repositioning (sometimes called "bridge
loans"). Mortgages on multifamily properties that are provided
by a government-sponsored enterprise or government agency may have
terms of thirty years or more. Some commercial mortgages may allow
extensions if certain conditions are met, which may include payment
of an extension fee. Some commercial mortgages have an "anticipated
repayment date," which means that if the loan is not repaid by the
anticipated repayment date, the loan is not in default.
Amortization
Commercial mortgages
frequently amortize over the term
of the loan, meaning the borrower pays both interest and principal
over time, and the loan balance at the end of the term is less than
the original loan amount. However, unlike residential mortgages, commercial
mortgages generally do not fully amortize over the stated term, and
therefore frequently end with a balloon
payment of the remaining balance, which is often repaid by refinancing
the property. Some commercial mortgages have an interest-only period
at the beginning of the loan term during which time the borrower only
pays interest.
Prepayment
Commercial loans
vary in their prepayment terms, that is, whether or not a real estate
investor is allowed to refinance the loan at will. Some portfolio
lenders, such as banks and insurance companies, may allow prepayment
flexibility. In contrast, for a borrower to prepay a conduit loan,
the borrower will have to defease the bonds,
by buying enough government bonds (treasuries) to provide the investors
with the same amount of income as they would have had if the loan
was still in place.
Borrower
entity
A commercial mortgage
is typically taken on by a special
purpose entity such as a corporation or an LLC created specifically
to own just the subject property, rather than by an individual or
a larger business. This allows the lender to foreclose on the property
in the event of default even if the borrower has gone into bankruptcy,
that is, the entity is "bankruptcy remote".
Recourse
Commercial mortgages
may be recourse or non-recourse. A recourse mortgage is supplemented
by a general obligation of the borrower or a personal guarantee from
the owner(s) of the property, which makes the debt payable in full
even if foreclosure on the property does
not satisfy the outstanding balance. A nonrecourse
mortgage is secured only by the commercial property that serves as
collateral. In an event of default,
the creditor can foreclose on the property,
but has no further claim against the borrower for any remaining deficiency.
If a sponsor is
seeking financing on a portfolio of commercial real estate properties,
rather than a single property, the sponsor may choose to take out
a cross-collateralized loan,
in which the all of the properties collateralize the loan.
Reserves
Lenders may require
borrowers to establish reserves to fund specific items at closing,
such as anticipated tenant improvement and leasing commission (TI/LC)
expense, needed repair and capital expenditure expense, and interest
reserves.
Underwriting
Underwriting
metrics
Lenders usually
require a minimum debt service
coverage ratio which typically ranges from 1.1 to 1.4; the ratio
is net cash flow (the income the property produces) over the debt
service (mortgage payment). As an example if the owner of a shopping
mall receives $300,000 per month from tenants, pays $50,000 per month
in expenses, a lender will typically not give a loan that requires
monthly payments above $227,273 (($300,000-$50,000)/1.1)), a 1.1 debt
cover.
Lenders also look
at loan to value
(LTV). LTV is a mathematical calculation which expresses the amount
of a mortgage as a percentage of the total appraised value. For instance,
if a borrower wants $6,000,000 to purchase an office worth $10,000,000,
the LTV ratio is $6,000,000/$10,000,000 or 60%. Commercial mortgage
LTV's are typically between 55% and 70%, unlike residential mortgages
which are typically 80% or above.
Lenders look at
rents per square foot, cost per square foot and replacement cost per
square foot. These metrics vary widely depending on the location and
intended use of the property, but can be useful indications of the
financial health of the real estate, as well as the likelihood of
competitive new developments coming online.
Since the financial
crisis, lenders have started to focus on a new metric, debt yield,
to complement the debt service coverage ratio. Debt yield is defined
as the net operating
income (NOI) of a property divided by the amount of the mortgage.
Underwriting
practices
Lenders typically
do thorough extreme due diligence on a proposed commercial mortgage
loan prior to funding the loan. Such due diligence often includes
a site tour, a financial review, and due diligence on the property's
sponsor and legal borrowing entity. Many lenders also commission and
review third-party reports such as an appraisal,
environmental report, engineering report, and background checks.
Providers
of commercial mortgages
Banks
Banks, large and
small, are traditional providers of commercial mortgages. According
to the Federal Reserve, banks held $1.5 trillion of commercial mortgages
on their books as of June 30, 2013.
Conduit
lenders
Conduit lenders
originate commercial mortgages and hold them as investments for a
short period of time before securitizing
the loans and selling CMBS
secured by the underlying commercial mortgage loans. Conduit lenders
include both banks and non-bank finance companies. Approximately $560
billion of commercial mortgages were held by issuers of CMBS
as of June 30, 2013, according to the Federal Reserve.
Securitization
of commercial mortgages in its current form began with the Resolution
Trust Corporation's (or RTC's) commercial securitization program
in 1992-1997. The RTC applied an approach similar to the one it had
begun successfully using with residential mortgages, issuing multiple
tranches of securities secured by diversified pools of commercial
mortgage loans. Following the introduction of the securitization methods
by the RTC, private banks began to originate loans specifically for
the purpose of turning them into securities. These loans are typically
structured to forbid prepayment beyond a specified amortization schedule.
This makes the resultant securities more attractive to investors,
because they know that the commercial mortgages will remain outstanding
even if interest rates decline.
New CMBS
issuance peaked in 2007 at $229 billion. Then, the subprime
mortgage crisis and the resultant global
financial crisis caused CMBS
prices to fall dramatically, and new issuances of CMBS securities
came to a virtual halt in 2008-2009. The market has begun to recover,
with $12 billion in new issuance in 2010, $37 billion in new issuance
in 2011, and $48 billion in new issuance in 2012.
Government
agencies
Government-sponsored
enterprises such as Fannie Mae and Freddie
Mac, as well as government
corporations such as Ginnie
Mae, are active lenders for multifamily commercial real estate
(that is, apartment buildings) in the United States. Approximately
$390 billion of multifamily residential mortgages were held by government-sponsored
enterprises or Agency and GSE-backed mortgage pools as of June 30,
2013, representing 12% of total commercial mortgages outstanding and
43% of multifamily commercial mortgages outstanding at that time.
Insurance
companies
Insurance companies
are active investors in commercial mortgages, and hold approximately
$325 billion of commercial mortgages as of June 30, 2013.
Mortgage
brokers
Mortgage brokers
do not provide commercial mortgage loans, but are often used to obtain
multiple quotes from different potential lenders and to manage the
financing process.
Correspondent
Lenders
Correspondent
Lenders do not loan their own money, but provide front end services
such as origination, underwriting, and loan servicing for lenders
that utilize these types of companies. The correspondent often represents
lenders in a particular geographic area.
References
ABOUT
CALIFORNIA CALIFORNIA
COMMERCIAL MORTGAGES CALIFORNIA
ORANGE COUNTY, SAN DIEGO, LOS ANGELES, SAN FRANCISCO,
SAN JOSE
|
State
of California |
|
Nickname(s):
The Golden State |
Motto(s):
Eureka |
State
song(s): "I
Love You, California" |
|
Official
language |
English |
Spoken
languages |
Native
languages as of 2007
|
Demonym |
Californian |
Capital |
Sacramento |
Largest
city |
Los
Angeles |
Largest
metro |
Greater
Los Angeles Area |
Area |
Ranked
3rd |
• Total |
163,696 sq mi
(423,970 km2) |
• Width |
250 miles (400
km) |
• Length |
770 miles (1,240
km) |
• %
water |
4.7 |
• Latitude |
32°?32'
N to 42° N |
• Longitude |
114°?8'
W to 124°?26' W |
Population |
Ranked
1st |
• Total |
39,144,818
(2015 est) |
• Density |
246/sq mi
(95.0/km2)
Ranked
11th |
• Median
household income |
US$61,021
(9th) |
Elevation |
|
• Highest
point |
Mount
Whitney
14,505 ft (4,421.0 m) |
• Mean |
2,900 ft
(880 m) |
• Lowest
point |
Badwater
Basin
-279 ft (-85.0 m) |
Before
statehood |
California
Republic |
Admission
to Union |
September
9, 1850 (31st) |
Governor |
Jerry
Brown (Democrat) |
Lieutenant
Governor |
Gavin
Newsom (Democrat) |
Legislature |
California
State Legislature |
• Upper
house |
California
State Senate |
• Lower
house |
California
State Assembly |
U.S.
Senators |
Dianne
Feinstein (Democrat)
Barbara Boxer (Democrat) |
U.S.
House delegation |
39
Democrats, 14 Republicans
(list) |
Time
zones |
Pacific
Time Zone |
•
Standard time |
PST
(UTC-8) |
•
Summer time (DST) |
PDT
(UTC-7) |
ISO
3166 |
US-CA |
Abbreviations |
CA,
Calif., Cal. |
Website |
www.ca.gov |
California
is the most
populous state in the United
States as well as the te's most
populous city and the country's second
largest after New York City.
California also includes the nation's most
populous county, Los
Angeles County, and the largest
county by area, San
Bernardino County. Geographically located in the western
part of the United States, California is bordered by the other
U.S. states of Oregon to the north,
Nevada to the east, and Arizona
to the southeast. California shares an international
border with the Mexican state
of Baja California to the
south and the Pacific Ocean
is on the state's western
coastline. The state capital is Sacramento,
which is located in the northern
part of the state.
What is
now California was first settled by various
Native American tribes before being explored by a number
of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries.
It was then claimed by the Spanish
Empire as part of Alta California
in the larger territory of New Spain.
Alta California became a part of Mexico
in 1821 following its successful war
for independence, but was ceded to the United States in
1848 after the Mexican–American
War. The western portion of Alta California was organized
as the State of California, which was admitted as the 31st
state on September 9, 1850. The California
Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and
demographic changes, with large-scale immigration from the
east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom.
California's
diverse geography ranges from the Sierra
Nevada in the east to the Pacific
Coast in the west, from the redwood–Douglas
fir forests of the northwest, to the Mojave
Desert areas in the southeast. The center of the state
is dominated by the Central
Valley, a major agricultural area. California contains
both the highest point (Mount Whitney)
and the lowest point (Death Valley)
in the contiguous United
States. Earthquakes are common because of the state's
location along the Pacific
Ring of Fire. About 37,000 earthquakes
are recorded each year, but most are too small to be felt.
Drought has also become a notable
feature.
California
has had an enormous influence on global popular culture due
to being the birthplace of the film
industry, the hippie counterculture,
the Internet, and the personal
computer. The state's economy is centered on finance,
government, real
estate services, technology,
and professional, scientific and technical business
services; together comprising 58% of the state's
economy. Three of the world's largest 20 firms by revenue,
Chevron, Apple,
and McKesson, are headquartered
in the state. Although only 1.5% of the state's economy, California's
agriculture industry has the highest output of any U.S. state.
If it were a country, California would be the 7th
largest economy in the world and the 35th
most populous.
Etymology
The word
California originally referred to the entire region
composed of the Baja
California Peninsula of Mexico, the current U.S. states
of California, Nevada, and Utah,
and parts of Arizona, New
Mexico, Texas and Wyoming.[citation
needed]
The name
California is most commonly believed to have derived
from a fictional paradise peopled by Black
Amazons and ruled by Queen Calafia,
who fought alongside Muslims and whose name was chosen to
echo the title of a Muslim leader, the Caliph, fictionally
implying that California was the Caliphate. The story of Calafia
is recorded in a 1510 work The
Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis
de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci
Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according
to Montalvo, was said to be a remote land inhabited by griffins
and other strange beasts, and rich in gold.
Know
ye that at the right hand of the Indies there is an island
called California, very close to that part of the Terrestrial
Paradise, which was inhabited by black women without a single
man among them, and they lived in the manner of Amazons.
They were robust of body with strong passionate hearts and
great virtue. The island itself is one of the wildest in
the world on account of the bold and craggy rocks.
Shortened
forms of the state's name include CA,
Cal., Calif. and US-CA.
Geography
California
map of Köppen climate classification.
A
topographic map of California
Potato
Harbor, named for its distinctive ovular and bumpy shape,
on Santa Cruz Island
California
is the 3rd
largest state in the United States in area, after Alaska
and Texas. California is often geographically
bisected into two regions, Southern
California, comprising the 10 southernmost counties, and
Northern California, comprising
the 48 northernmost counties.
In the
middle of the state lies the California
Central Valley, bounded by the Sierra
Nevada in the east, the coastal
mountain ranges in the west, the Cascade
Range to the north and by the Tehachapi
Mountains in the south. The Central Valley is California's
productive agricultural heartland.
Divided
in two by the Sacramento-San
Joaquin River Delta, the northern portion, the Sacramento
Valley serves as the watershed of the Sacramento
River, while the southern portion, the San
Joaquin Valley is the watershed for the San
Joaquin River. Both valleys derive their names from the
rivers that flow through them. With dredging, the Sacramento
and the San Joaquin Rivers have remained deep enough for several
inland cities to be seaports.
The Sacramento-San
Joaquin River Delta is a critical water supply hub for the
state. Water is diverted from the delta and through an extensive
network of pumps and canals that
traverse nearly the length of the state, to the Central Valley
and the State Water Projects and other needs. Water from the
Delta provides drinking water for nearly 23 million people,
almost two-thirds of the state's population as well as water
for farmers on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley.
The Channel
Islands are located off the Southern
coast.
The Sierra
Nevada (Spanish for "snowy range") includes the highest peak
in the contiguous 48
states, Mount Whitney, at
14,505 feet (4,421 m). The range embraces Yosemite
Valley, famous for its glacially carved domes, and Sequoia
National Park, home to the giant
sequoia trees, the largest living organisms on Earth,
and the deep freshwater lake, Lake
Tahoe, the largest lake in the state by volume.
To the
east of the Sierra Nevada are Owens
Valley and Mono Lake, an essential
migratory bird habitat. In
the western part of the state is Clear
Lake, the largest freshwater lake by area entirely in
California. Though Lake Tahoe is larger, it is divided by
the California/Nevada border. The Sierra Nevada falls to Arctic
temperatures in winter and has several dozen small glaciers,
including Palisade Glacier,
the southernmost glacier in the United States.
About
45 percent of the state's total surface area is covered by
forests, and California's diversity of pine species is unmatched
by any other state. California contains more forestland than
any other state except Alaska. Many of the trees in the California
White Mountains are the oldest in the world; an individual
bristlecone pine is over
5,000 years old.
In the
south is a large inland salt lake, the Salton
Sea. The south-central desert is called the Mojave;
to the northeast of the Mojave lies Death
Valley, which contains the lowest and hottest place in
North America, the Badwater Basin
at -279 feet (-85 m). The horizontal distance from the
bottom of Death Valley to the top of Mount Whitney is less
than 90 miles (140 km). Indeed, almost all of southeastern
California is arid, hot desert, with routine extreme high
temperatures during the summer. The southeastern border of
California with Arizona is entirely formed by the Colorado
River, from which the southern part of the state gets
about half of its water.
Along
the California coast are several major metropolitan areas,
including the Greater
Los Angeles Area, the San
Francisco Bay Area, and the San
Diego metropolitan area.
As part
of the Ring
of Fire, California is subject to tsunamis,
floods, droughts, Santa
Ana winds, wildfires, landslides
on steep terrain, and has several volcanoes.
It has many earthquakes
due to several faults running through the state, in particular
the San Andreas Fault.
Climate
Although
most of the state has a Mediterranean
climate, due to the state's large size, the climate ranges
from subarctic to subtropical.
The cool California Current
offshore often creates summer fog near
the coast. Farther inland, there are colder winters and hotter
summers. The maritime moderation results in the shoreline
summertime temperatures of Los Angeles
and San Francisco being the
coolest of all major metropolitan areas of the United States
and uniquely cool compared to areas on the same latitude in
the interior and on the east coast of the North American continent.
Even the San Diego shoreline bordering
Mexico is cooler in summer than most areas in the contiguous
United States. Just a few miles inland, summer temperature
extremes are significantly higher, with downtown Los Angeles
being several degrees warmer
than at the coast. The same microclimate
phenomenon is seen in the climate
of the Bay Area, where areas sheltered from the sea sees significantly
hotter summers than nearby areas close to the ocean.
Northern
parts of the state have more rain than the south. California's
mountain ranges also influence the climate: some of the rainiest
parts of the state are west-facing mountain slopes. Northwestern
California has a temperate climate,
and the Central Valley has a Mediterranean climate but with
greater temperature extremes than the coast. The high mountains,
including the Sierra Nevada,
have an alpine climate with
snow in winter and mild to moderate heat in summer.
California's
mountains produce rain shadows
on the eastern side, creating extensive deserts.
The higher elevation deserts of eastern
California have hot summers and cold winters, while the
low deserts east of the Southern California mountains have
hot summers and nearly frostless mild winters. Death
Valley, a desert with large expanses below sea level,
is considered the hottest location in the world; the highest
temperature in the world, 134 °F (56.7 °C), was
recorded there on July 10, 1913. The lowest temperature in
California was -45 °F (-43 °C) in 1937 in Boca.
The table
below lists average temperatures for August and December in
some of the major urban areas of California. Since extremes
like the cool summers of the Humboldt
Bay and the extreme heat of Death
Valley do not effect any major urban areas these are not
listed.
Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for
selected communities in California
Location |
August
(°F) |
August
(°C) |
December(°F) |
December
(°C) |
Los
Angeles |
84/64 |
29/18 |
67/47 |
20/8 |
LA
Shoreline |
75/65 |
23/18 |
64/48 |
18/9 |
San
Jose |
82/58 |
27/14 |
58/42 |
14/5 |
San
Francisco |
68/55 |
20/12 |
57/46 |
14/8 |
San
Diego |
76/66 |
24/19 |
64/48 |
18/9 |
Oakland |
73/57 |
23/14 |
58/44 |
14/7 |
Sacramento |
91/58 |
33/14 |
54/38 |
12/3 |
Fresno |
97/66 |
36/19 |
55/38 |
12/3 |
Riverside |
96/64 |
35/18 |
68/41 |
21/5 |
Regions
Economy
Gross
Domestic Product of California by sector for 2008.
Had
California been an independent country in 2008 its gross
domestic product would have been ranked between
eighth and eleventh in the world.
The economy
of California is large enough to be comparable to that of
the largest of countries. As of 2013[update],
the gross state product
(GSP) is about $2.203 trillion,
the largest in the United States. California is responsible
for 13.2 percent of the United States' approximate $16.7 trillion
gross domestic product (GDP). California's GSP is larger than
the GDP of all but 7 countries in dollar terms (the United
States, China, Japan,
Germany, France,
Brazil, and the United
Kingdom), larger than Russia, Italy, India, Canada, Australia,
Spain and Turkey. In Purchasing
Power Parity, it is larger than all but 10 countries (the
United States, China, India, Japan, Germany, Russia, Brazil,
France, the United Kingdom, and Indonesia), larger than Italy,
Mexico, Spain, South Korea, Saudi Arabia, Canada and Turkey.
The five
largest sectors of employment in California are trade, transportation,
and utilities; government; professional and business services;
education and health services; and leisure and hospitality.
In output, the five largest sectors are financial services,
followed by trade, transportation, and utilities; education
and health services; government; and manufacturing. As of
May 2014[update],
California has the 5th highest unemployment
rate in the nation at 7.6%.
California's
economy is dependent on trade and international related commerce
accounts for about one-quarter of the state's economy. In
2008, California exported $144 billion worth of goods, up
from $134 billion in 2007 and $127 billion in 2006. Computers
and electronic products are California's top export, accounting
for 42 percent of all the state's exports in 2008.
Agriculture
is an important sector in California's economy. Farming-related
sales more than quadrupled over the past three decades, from
$7.3 billion in 1974 to nearly $31 billion in 2004. This increase
has occurred despite a 15 percent decline in acreage devoted
to farming during the period, and water supply suffering from
chronic instability. Factors contributing to the growth in
sales-per-acre include more intensive use of active farmlands
and technological improvements in crop production. In 2008,
California's 81,500 farms and ranches generated $36.2 billion
products revenue. In 2011, that number grew to $43.5 billion
products revenue. The Agriculture sector accounts for two
percent of the state's GDP and employs around three percent
of its total workforce. According to the USDA
in 2011, the three largest California agricultural products
by value were milk and cream,
shelled almonds,
and grapes.
Per
capita GDP in 2007 was $38,956, ranking eleventh in the
nation. Per
capita income varies widely by geographic region and profession.
The Central Valley is the most impoverished, with migrant
farm workers making less than minimum
wage. According to a 2005 report by the Congressional
Research Service, the San
Joaquin Valley was characterized as one of the most economically
depressed regions in the U.S., on par with the region of Appalachia.
California has a poverty
rate of 23.5%, the highest of any state in the country.
Many coastal cities include some of the wealthiest per-capita
areas in the U.S. The high-technology sectors in Northern
California, specifically Silicon
Valley, in Santa
Clara and San
Mateo counties, have emerged from the economic downturn
caused by the dot-com bust.
A tree
map depicting the distribution of occupations across the
state of California.
In 2010,
there were more than 663,000 millionaires in the state, more
than any other state in the nation. In 2010, California residents
were ranked first among the states with the best average credit
score of 754.
Infrastructure
Energy
Because
it is the most populous U.S. state, California is one of the
country's largest users of energy. However because of its
high energy rates, conservation mandates, mild weather in
the largest population centers and strong environmental movement,
its per capita energy use is one of the smallest of
any U.S. state. Due to the high electricity demand, California
imports more electricity than any other state, primarily hydroelectric
power from states in the Pacific Northwest (via Path
15 and Path 66) and coal- and
natural gas-fired production from the desert Southwest via
Path 46.
As a result
of the state's strong environmental movement, California has
some of the most aggressive renewable
energy goals in the United States, with a target for California
to obtain a third of its electricity from renewables by 2020.
Currently, several solar
power plants such as the Solar
Energy Generating Systems facility are located in the
Mojave Desert. California's
wind farms include Altamont
Pass, San Gorgonio
Pass, and Tehachapi
Pass. Several dams across the state provide hydro-electric
power. It would be possible to convert the total supply
to 100% renewable energy, including heating, cooling and mobility,
by 2050.
The state's
crude oil and natural gas deposits are located in the Central
Valley and along the coast, including the large Midway-Sunset
Oil Field. Natural gas-fired power
plants typically account for more than one-half of state
electricity generation.
California
is also home to two major nuclear
power plants: Diablo
Canyon and San
Onofre, the latter having been shut down in 2013. Also
voters banned the approval of new nuclear power plants since
the late 1970s because of concerns over radioactive
waste disposal. In addition, several cities such as Oakland,
Berkeley and Davis
have declared themselves as nuclear-free
zones.
Transportation
California's
vast terrain is connected by an extensive system of controlled-access
highways ('freeways'), limited-access
roads ('expressways'), and highways. California is known
for its car culture,
giving California's cities a reputation for severe traffic
congestion. Construction and maintenance of state roads
and statewide transportation planning are primarily the responsibility
of the California
Department of Transportation, nicknamed "Caltrans". The
rapidly growing population of the state is straining all of
its transportation networks, and California has some of the
worst roads in the United States. The Reason Foundation's
19th Annual Report on the Performance of State Highway Systems
ranked California's highways the third-worst of any state,
with Alaska second, and Rhode Island first.
The state
has been a pioneer in road construction. One of the state's
more visible landmarks, the Golden
Gate Bridge, was once the longest
suspension bridge main span in the world at 4,200 feet
(1,300 m) when it opened in 1937. With its orange paint
and panoramic views of the bay, this highway bridge is a popular
tourist attraction and also accommodates pedestrians and bicyclists.
The San Francisco–Oakland
Bay Bridge (often abbreviated the "Bay Bridge"), completed
in 1936, transports about 280,000 vehicles per day on two-decks.
Its two sections meet at Yerba
Buena Island through the world's largest diameter transportation
bore tunnel, at 76 feet (23 m) wide by 58 feet (18 m)
high. The Arroyo Seco Parkway,
connecting Los Angeles and Pasadena,
opened in 1940 as the first freeway in the Western United
States. It was later extended south to the Four
Level Interchange in downtown Los Angeles, regarded as
the first stack interchange
ever built.
Los
Angeles International Airport (LAX), the
6th busiest airport in the world, and San
Francisco International Airport (SFO), the
21st busiest airport in the world, are major hubs for
trans-Pacific and transcontinental traffic. There are about
a dozen important commercial airports and many more general
aviation airports
throughout the state.
California
also has several important seaports.
The giant seaport complex formed by the Port
of Los Angeles and the Port
of Long Beach in Southern California is the largest in
the country and responsible for handling about a fourth of
all container cargo traffic in the United States. The Port
of Oakland, fourth largest in the nation, also handles
trade entering from the Pacific Rim to the rest of the country.
The California
Highway Patrol is the largest statewide police agency
in the United States in employment with over 10,000 employees.
They are responsible for providing any police-sanctioned service
to anyone on California's state maintained highways and on
state property.
The California
Department of Motor Vehicles is by far the largest in North
America. By the end of 2009, the California DMV had 26,555,006
driver's licenses and ID cards on file. In 2010, there were
1.17 million new vehicle registrations in force.
Intercity
rail travel is provided by Amtrak
California, which manages the three busiest intercity
rail lines in the U.S. outside the Northeast
Corridor, all of which are funded by Caltrans. This service
is becoming increasingly popular over flying and ridership
is continuing to set records, especially on the LAX-SFO route.
Integrated subway and light
rail networks are found in Los Angeles (Metro
Rail) and San Francisco (MUNI
Metro). Light rail systems are also found in San Jose
(VTA),
San Diego (San Diego Trolley),
Sacramento (RT
Light Rail), and Northern San Diego County (Sprinter).
Furthermore, commuter rail networks
serve the San Francisco Bay Area (ACE,
BART, Caltrain),
Greater Los Angeles (Metrolink),
and San Diego County (Coaster).
The California
High-Speed Rail Authority was created in 1996 by the state
to implement an extensive 700 miles (1,100 km) rail system.
Construction was approved by the voters during the November
2008 general election, a $9.95 billion state bond will go
toward its construction. Nearly all counties operate bus
lines, and many cities operate their own city bus lines as
well. Intercity bus travel is provided by Greyhound
and Amtrak Thruway Coach.
Water
California's
interconnected water system is the world's largest, managing
over 40,000,000 acre feet of water per year, centered on six
main systems of aqueducts and infrastructure projects. Water
use and conservation in California is a politically divisive
issue, as the state experiences periodic droughts and has
to balance the demands of its large agricultural and urban
sectors, especially in the arid southern portion of the state.
The state's widespread redistribution of water also invites
the frequent scorn of environmentalists.
The California
Water Wars, a conflict between Los Angeles and the Owens
Valley over water rights, is one of the most well-known examples
of the struggle to secure adequate water supplies. Former
California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger said: "We've been
in crisis for quite some time because we're now 38 million
people and not anymore 18 million people like we were in the
late 60s. So it developed into a battle between environmentalists
and farmers and between the south and the north and between
rural and urban. And everyone has been fighting for the last
four decades about water."
California
has twenty major
professional sports league franchises, far more than any
other state. The San Francisco
Bay Area has seven major league teams spread in its three
major cities: San Francisco, San Jose, and Oakland. While
the Greater Los Angeles Area is home to ten major league franchises.
San Diego has two major league teams, and Sacramento has one.
The NFL Super Bowl has been hosted
in California 11 times at four different stadiums: Los
Angeles Memorial Coliseum, the Rose Bowl, Stanford Stadium,
and San Diego's Qualcomm Stadium.
A twelfth, Super Bowl 50, was
held at Levi's Stadium in Santa
Clara on February 7, 2016.
California
has long had many respected collegiate sports programs. California
is home to the oldest college bowl game, the annual Rose
Bowl, among others.
California
is the only US state to have hosted both the Summer
and Winter Olympics. The 1932
and 1984 Summer Olympics
were held in Los Angeles. Squaw
Valley Ski Resort in the Lake Tahoe region hosted the
1960 Winter Olympics.
Multiple games during the 1994
FIFA World Cup took place in California, with the Rose
Bowl hosting eight matches including the final,
while Stanford Stadium hosted
six matches.
Below
is a list of major league sports teams in California:
See
also
Notes
- ^
The coordinates of the center
of population are at 35°27'31?N
119°21'19?W?
/ ?35.458606°N
119.355165°W? / 35.458606;
-119.355165.
- ^
behind Nevada and Arizona
- ^
The following are a list
of the indigenous languages: Root languages of California:
Athabaskan Family: Hupa, Mattole, Lassik, Wailaki, Sinkyone,
Cahto, Tolowa, Nongatl, Wiyot, Chilula; Hokan Family:
Pomo, Shasta, Karok, Chimiriko; Algonquian Family: Whilkut,
Yurok; Yukian Family: Wappo; Penutian Family: Modok, Wintu,
Nomlaki, Konkow, Maidu, Patwin, Nisenan, Miwok, Coast
Miwok, Lake Miwok, Ohlone, Northern Valley Yokuts, Southern
Valley Yokuts, Foothill Yokuts; Hokan Family: Esselen,
Salinan, Chumash, Ipai, Tipai, Yuma, Halchichoma, Mohave;
Uto-Aztecan Family: Mono Paiute, Monache, Owens Valley
Paiute, Tubatulabal, Panamint Shoshone, Kawaisu, Kitanemuk,
Tataviam, Gabrielino, Juaneno, Luiseno, Cuipeno, Cahuilla,
Serrano, Chemehuevi
- ^
Minnesota also has a moratorium
on construction of nuclear power plants, which has been
in place since 1994.
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Further
reading
- Chartkoff,
Joseph L.; Chartkoff, Kerry Kona (1984). The archaeology
of California. Stanford: Stanford
University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1157-7.
OCLC 11351549.
- Fagan,
Brian (2003). Before California: An archaeologist looks
at our earliest inhabitants. Lanham, MD: Rowman
& Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 0-7425-2794-8.
OCLC 226025645.
- Hart,
James D. (1978). A Companion to California. New York,
NY: Oxford University
Press. ISBN 0-19-502400-1.
- Matthews,
Glenna. The Golden State in the Civil War: Thomas Starr
King, the Republican Party, and the Birth of Modern California.
New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
- Moratto,
Michael J.; Fredrickson, David A. (1984). California
archaeology. Orlando: Academic
Press. ISBN 0-12-506182-X.
OCLC 228668979.
External
links
Rank |
City |
Population |
County |
Image |
Description |
1 |
Los
Angeles |
3,928,864 |
Los
Angeles |
 |
Los
Angeles is one of the world's
centers of media, business, and international
trade. It is the second most-populous city in the
United States. It is also the home to renowned institutions
covering a broad range of educational and professional
fields, and it is one of the most substantial economic
engines of the United States. Los Angeles (and its Hollywood
district) lead the world in producing entertainment such
as motion
pictures, television, and
recorded music. |
2 |
San
Diego |
1,381,069 |
San
Diego |
 |
San
Diego sits in the extreme south of California on the border
with Mexico. The city has miles
of beaches and a number of U.S. military
facilities as well as the world's
busiest land border crossing. It is known as "the
birthplace of California" since it was the first European
landfall and the first European settlement in present-day
California. Although it is a large city, San Diego doesn't
encompass headquarters of very many large corporations.
Instead the city's economy largely relies on US defense
and military-related industries, tourism, and some international
trade. It is home to a number of institutions of higher
learning, including the University
of California, San Diego, the University
of San Diego, San
Diego State University, NewSchool of Architecture
+ Design, and Point
Loma Nazarene University. |
3 |
San
Jose |
1,015,785 |
Santa
Clara |
 |
San
Jose was founded on November 29, 1777, as one of the first
towns in the Spanish
colony of Nueva California,
which later became Alta California.
The town of San Jose served 1849-1851 as the first state
capital, when California gained statehood in 1850. After
more than 150 years as an agricultural center, San Jose
grew due to demand for housing from soldiers returning
from World War II, as well
as the city's aggressive expansion policy during the 1950s
and 1960s as it annexed large portions of land area which
helped increase its population. By the 1990s, San Jose's
location within the then-booming local technology industry
earned the city the nickname Capital of Silicon Valley,
and it hosts several prominent technology companies including
Adobe Systems and Cisco
Systems. San Jose is home to the National
Hockey League's San Jose
Sharks in addition to Major
League Soccer's San
Jose Earthquakes, as well as San
Jose State University. |
4 |
San
Francisco |
852,469 |
San
Francisco |
 |
San
Francisco is a popular international tourist destination
renowned for its beauty, cosmopolitan flair, steep rolling
hills, and eclectic mix of Victorian
and modern architecture.
The city is surrounded by water on three sides and has
many famous landmarks, such as the Golden
Gate Bridge, Alcatraz
Island, Palace of
Fine Arts, the cable
cars and streetcars,
Coit Tower, and Chinatown.
The city is well known for its left-wing politics and
its diverse population, including large and long-established
Asian American
and LGBT communities. It is the most
densely populated major city in California and is the
second most densely populated major city in the United
States, only after New York
City. It is also the only consolidated city-county
in the state of California. San Francisco is also home
to the largest social media, technology, and Bio Tech
industries in the world. The City is also ranked the most
expensive city in the United States and stands third in
the world. |
5 |
Fresno |
515,986 |
Fresno |
 |
Fresno
is at the heart of the San
Joaquin Valley, a leading agricultural area of the
United States and the world. Fresno is the closest major
city to Yosemite National
Park and Sequoia
National Park. Fresno is the largest inland city in
California. It is the home of California
State University, Fresno. Fresno is also noted for
its large Hmong and Armenian-American
communities. |
6 |
Sacramento |
485,199 |
Sacramento |
 |
Sacramento
has been the state capital of California since 1854. Once
the state's second largest city, Sacramento was a major
distribution center during the California
Gold Rush and was the western terminus of the Pony
Express. The American River,
where gold was first discovered in California in the middle
of the 19th century, flows through the city. In the market
boom between 2003 and 2008, the population of the metropolitan
area reached close to 2.5 million people as suburbs such
as Roseville, Lincoln,
and Elk Grove grew,
making the Sacramento region the largest region in the
California's Central
Valley. According to the 2010 census, Sacramento is
the nineteenth most-populous metropolitan area in the
United States. Sacramento is home to the National Basketball
Association's Sacramento
Kings. California
State University, Sacramento is situated in the city. |
7 |
Long
Beach |
473,577 |
Los
Angeles |
 |
Long
Beach is a coastal city in the Greater
Los Angeles area metropolitan area. Long Beach partially
borders the city of Los Angeles to its west and is home
to the Grand Prix
of Long Beach and the RMS Queen
Mary, which is docked in Long
Beach Harbor. The Port
of Long Beach is one of the world's largest shipping
ports. The city also has a large oil industry; oil is
found both underground and offshore. Manufacturers include
aircraft, automobile parts, electronic and audiovisual
equipment. It is also home to the headquarters for corporations
such as Epson America, Molina Healthcare, and Scan Health
Care. Long Beach has grown with the development of high-technology
and aerospace industries in the area. The California State
University system headquarters are in Long Beach, as is
the second largest campus of the 23-school system, California
State University, Long Beach. |
8 |
Oakland |
413,775 |
Alameda |
 |
Oakland
is a major West
Coast port and is home to several major corporations,
including Kaiser Permanente
and Clorox, as well as being the
corporate headquarters for nationwide businesses like
Dreyer's and Cost
Plus World Markets. Attractions include Jack
London Square, the Oakland
Museum of California, the Chabot
Space and Science Center, Lake
Merritt, the East
Bay Regional Park District ridge line parks and preserves,
and Chinatown. Oakland
is also the home city of three of the Bay Area's major
league sports teams—Major League Baseball's Oakland
A's, the Oakland Raiders
of the National Football
League, and the National
Basketball Association's Golden
State Warriors, with the first two teams playing their
home games as O.co
Coliseum, while the Warriors play their home games
at Oracle Arena. |
9 |
Bakersfield |
368,759 |
Kern |
 |
Bakersfield
sits at the southern end of the San
Joaquin Valley, an especially petroleum-rich
area of California. Bakersfield is known for its musical
achievements such as its own country
genre called the "Bakersfield
sound". Bakersfield is also in close proximity with
the Sequoia National
Forest. |
10 |
Anaheim |
346,997 |
Orange |
 |
Anaheim
is the most populous city in Orange County and second
largest in terms of land area; it is known for its theme
parks (including Disneyland),
sports teams, and convention center. |
11 |
Santa
Ana |
334,909 |
Orange |
 |
Santa
Ana is the county seat of Orange County and home to the
famous Bowers Museum, and
Discovery
Science Center. |
12 |
Riverside |
319,504 |
Riverside |
 |
Riverside
is the most populous city of Southern California's Inland
Empire region. Riverside is the birthplace of California's
citrus industry and home to the University
of California, Riverside (UCR). Its downtown is home
to the Mission
Inn, one of two historic landmark hotels in California.
The Mission Inn Festival of Lights is said to be the third
largest Christmas lights display in the nation.[citation
needed] |
13 |
Stockton |
302,389 |
San
Joaquin |
 |
Stockton
is at the heart of the Sacramento–San
Joaquin River Delta and is sometimes considered the
divider between the Sacramento
Valley and the San
Joaquin Valley. For much of the later 19th century,
starting with the Gold
Rush, Stockton was one of the largest cities in the
state, for a while the third largest city. With a sea
port on the San Joaquin
River, it was an important agricultural and shipping
center, roles which it continues to fulfill. Stockton
is the home of the University
of the Pacific. |
14 |
Chula
Vista |
260,988 |
San
Diego |
 |
A
South Bay suburban
city of San Diego, Chula Vista is just 7 miles (11 km)
from the Mexican border. It is
one of the most economically and culturally diverse cities
in Southern California.
It is the second largest city in California not near a
river (San Francisco is the first). |
15 |
Irvine |
248,531 |
Orange |
 |
Irvine
is a planned
city, mainly developed by the Irvine
Company since the 1960s. Irvine is home to the University
of California, Irvine (UCI) and to a number of corporations,
particularly in the technology sector. It is regarded
for its good schools, jobs and housing by CNNMoney.com,
for low crime by the Federal
Bureau of Investigation, and the Census Bureau ranks
Irvine highly in median income. |
16 |
Fremont |
228,758 |
Alameda |
 |
Fremont
was created as a single city in 1956, from the unification
of several unincorporated communities that had historically
been small but grew rapidly in the years after World
War II. It is located in the San
Francisco Bay Area just north of San Jose/Silicon
Valley in the East Bay. |
17 |
San
Bernardino |
215,213 |
San
Bernardino |
 |
San
Bernardino is the second largest city in the Inland
Empire metropolitan area of California, and the county
seat of San
Bernardino County, the largest county in geographic
area in the 48 contiguous states. San Bernardino is home
to California
State University, San Bernardino (CSUSB) and a number
of corporations in addition to the San
Bernardino International Airport. San Bernardino is
the gateway to the San
Bernardino Mountains, including its ski resorts and
numerous lakes. |
18 |
Modesto |
209,286 |
Stanislaus |
 |
Modesto
is in the center of the Central
Valley east of San Francisco and south of the capital
Sacramento. The city is surrounded by fertile farmland.
Its population is growing fast due to affordable housing
in the area and is quickly becoming a bedroom community
for commuters to Sacramento, Fresno, and the San
Francisco Bay Area. |
19 |
Oxnard |
205,437 |
Ventura |
 |
Oxnard
is one of only a handful of cities in the state that is
the largest in its county, but not the county
seat. It is an important agricultural center, with
its distinction as the strawberry and lima bean capital
of California. Oxnard has a scenic, relatively uncrowded
coastline. |
20 |
Fontana |
204,950 |
San
Bernardino |
 |
Founded
in 1913, Fontana remained rural until a Kaiser
Steel mill was built during World
War II. The city is now a regional hub of the trucking
industry, and home of the California
Speedway. |
21 |
Moreno
Valley |
202,976 |
Riverside |
 |
Incorporated
in 1984, Moreno Valley lies 65 miles (105 km) east
of downtown Los Angeles, just north of Lake
Perris. The city is home to the March
Air Reserve Base. |
22 |
Huntington
Beach |
200,809 |
Orange |
 |
This
Orange County coastal city is best known for its 8.5-mile
(13.7 km) beach. Huntington Beach is often referred
to as "Surf City" due to its long association with the
sport of surfing. |
23 |
Glendale |
200,167 |
Los
Angeles |
 |
Glendale
is the focal point of the Verdugo
Mountains subregion and is home to a large Armenian-American
community. |
24 |
Santa
Clarita |
181,557 |
Los
Angeles |
 |
Six
Flags Magic Mountain is just outside Santa Clarita.
The city was incorporated in 1987 as the union of several
previously existing communities, including Canyon
Country, Newhall,
Saugus,
and Valencia. |
25 |
Garden
Grove |
175,078 |
Orange |
 |
Garden
Grove is home to the second-largest Vietnamese
American community, as well as the Crystal
Cathedral. |
26 |
Oceanside |
174,558 |
San
Diego |
 |
The
largest city in San Diego's North County, Oceanside is
home to the longest wooden pier on the West Coast and
is directly south of Camp
Pendleton, the busiest military base in the United
States. |
27 |
Rancho
Cucamonga |
174,305 |
San
Bernardino |
 |
Rancho
Cucamonga was incorporated in 1977, as a result of a vote
among the residents of the unincorporated
communities of Alta
Loma, Cucamonga,
and Etiwanda.
The city was ranked #42 in 'Money's
"Best Places to Live in America 2006". |
28 |
Santa
Rosa |
174,170 |
Sonoma |
 |
Santa
Rosa is the largest city in California's Wine
Country and the Redwood
Empire. The county seat of Sonoma County since 1854,
it grew as a center of agriculture, shipping, and industry.
It is today still an important local center of business
and tourism. The city actually suffered the most destruction
of the 1906
San Francisco earthquake, which destroyed Santa Rosa's
entire downtown. Notable residents have included famed
horticulturalist Luther Burbank
and Peanuts cartoonist
Charles M. Schulz. |
29 |
Ontario |
169,089 |
San
Bernardino |
 |
Ontario
is the third principal city of the Inland
Empire area of California, home to Ontario
International Airport and the region's largest shopping
mall, Ontario Mills. |
30 |
Elk
Grove |
163,553 |
Sacramento |
 |
Elk
Grove was a sleepy suburb of Sacramento until the housing
boom of the 1990s and 2000s. Between the decades, the
population has nearly tripled from around 50,000 to more
than 150,000 inhabitants. The population has grown so
much that Elk Grove has surpassed all of the other suburbs
in size and inhabitants. The city was rated the fastest
growing city in the United States in 2006. About 15 miles
(24 km) from downtown Sacramento, Elk Grove has emerged
as a popular place for young families to live and commute
to the job centers of the area. |
31 |
Corona |
161,486 |
Riverside |
 |
Corona
is one of the cities farthest west in the Inland
Empire of Southern California. It is known as the
"Circle City" due to Grand Boulevard's 3-mile (5 km)
circular layout. It is one of the greatest residential
cities in the Inland Empire, but also has a large industrial
portion on the northern half. It is the headquarters of
companies such as Fender
Musical Instruments Corporation, Hansen
Natural Corporation, Watson Pharmaceuticals,
and West Coast Customs (featured on MTV's
Pimp My Ride). |
32 |
Lancaster |
161,043 |
Los
Angeles |
 |
Lancaster
started as a stop on the Union
Pacific Railroad, and has grown into the fifth largest
city in Los Angeles County. It began as a small farming
community, and has since acquired a large and prosperous
technology-driven sub-culture. Located in "Aerospace Valley",
it has always been on the cutting edge of technology,
and is now aiming to become the nation's first net-zero
city.[citation
needed] |
33 |
Palmdale |
158,279 |
Los
Angeles |
 |
Commonly
referred to as the "Aerospace Capital of America", Palmdale
is the birthplace of the Space
Shuttle, X-15,
B-2 Spirit,
F-117
Nighthawk, F-35
Lightning II, SR-71
Blackbird, Lockheed
L-1011 Tristar, and many other aircraft that have
been used in the United
States Air Force, NASA and air
forces and airlines around the world. It is the sixth
largest city in Los Angeles County and one of the fastest
growing cities in the United States. |
34 |
Salinas |
156,677 |
Monterey |
 |
Salinas
is an agricultural center and the hometown of famed writer
and Nobel
Laureate John Steinbeck. |
35 |
Hayward |
154,612 |
Alameda |
 |
Hayward
was an historic salt and agricultural processing center.
Sea salt brand produced in Hayward were Oliver Brothers
and Leslie Salt. In food processing, Hunt Brothers' Cannery
(later Hunt-Wesson Foods) produced canned and bottled
tomato products, as well as canned peaches, apricots,
and fruit cocktail. Since 1957 it has been the home of
California
State University, East Bay. |
36 |
Pomona |
153,350 |
Los
Angeles |
 |
Pomona
is located between the Inland
Empire and the San
Gabriel Valley. The city is home of the Fairplex,
which hosts the Los
Angeles County Fair, the largest county fair in the
United States, among others. It is home to the second
largest polytechnic university in the United States, California
State Polytechnic University, Pomona. |
37 |
Escondido |
150,243 |
San
Diego |
 |
Situated
in San Diego's North County region, Escondido is home
to the San Diego
Zoo Safari Park. |
38 |
Sunnyvale |
149,980 |
Santa
Clara |
 |
Part
of the Silicon Valley, Sunnyvale is home to several large
tech company headquarters such as AMD,
Yahoo!, and Palm,
Inc. |
39 |
Torrance |
148,495 |
Los
Angeles |
 |
Torrance,
21 square miles (54 km2), is situated
11 miles (18 km) south of Los
Angeles International Airport (LAX), 8 miles (13 km)
north of the Port of Los
Angeles, 30 miles (48 km) west of Disneyland
and bounded by the Pacific Ocean
on the west with 1.5 miles (2.4 km) of beach. Incorporated
in 1921, it is the eighth largest city in Los
Angeles County. Torrance averages 12.55 inches (319 mm)
of rainfall per year. |
40 |
Pasadena |
140,881 |
Los
Angeles |
 |
Pasadena
is famous for hosting the annual Tournament
of Roses Parade and the Rose
Bowl football game. The city is home to many scientific
and cultural institutions such as NASA's
Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
the Art Center
College of Design, and the California
Institute of Technology. |
41 |
Orange |
139,812 |
Orange |
 |
Unusual
for cities in Orange County, Orange preserved many of
its homes that were built prior to the 1960s, now located
in the city's Old
Towne District, whereas many other cities in the region
demolished such houses in the 1960s. Orange is the home
of Chapman University. |
42 |
Fullerton |
139,677 |
Orange |
 |
Historically,
Fullerton was a center of agriculture, petroleum extraction,
transportation, and manufacturing. It is home to several
educational institutions, notably the California
State University, Fullerton and Fullerton
College. |
43 |
Thousand
Oaks |
129,342 |
Ventura |
 |
Named
after the many oak trees that grace the area, Thousand
Oaks is the largest city in the Conejo
Valley area. |
44 |
Visalia |
129,281 |
Tulare |
 |
Visalia
is the oldest city between Stockton and Los Angeles. |
45 |
Roseville |
128,615 |
Placer |
 |
Roseville
is a suburb of Sacramento. It is very family oriented
with many parks, bike trails, water parks etc., and in
2006 Roseville was named the healthiest city in America.
Roseville is known for its high-end shopping including
the Fountains, the Galleria (one of the biggest malls
in northern California), and more. |
46 |
Concord |
127,522 |
Contra
Costa |
 |
Concord
is a major regional suburban East
Bay center within the San Francisco Bay Area. The
former Concord
Naval Weapons Station was located to the north of
the city. |
47 |
Simi
Valley |
126,871 |
Ventura |
 |
Simi
Valley is a bedroom
community located in a valley
of the same name. It is the site of the Ronald
Reagan Presidential Library. |
48 |
Santa
Clara |
122,192 |
Santa
Clara |
 |
Santa
Clara is located in the center of Silicon
Valley and is home to the headquarters of Intel,
Applied Materials, Sun
Microsystems, NVIDIA,
Agilent Technologies,
and many other high-tech companies. It also is home to
one of the largest theme parks in northern California,
California's Great
America. Levi's Stadium is a football
stadium located in Santa
Clara, California, it currently serves as the home
of the San Francisco 49ers
of the National Football
League. |
49 |
Victorville |
121,901 |
San
Bernardino |
 |
Victorville
is located in the Victor
Valley, at the southwestern edge of the Mojave
Desert. It is the site of the Southern
California Logistics Airport, formerly George
Air Force Base before it was converted to civilian
use. |
50 |
Vallejo |
120,228 |
Solano |
 |
Vallejo
was home of the Mare
Island Naval Shipyard, one of the most important naval
shipyards in the country, from the 1850s until its closure
in the 1990s. It was very briefly the capital of California
in 1852. It is the largest city in Solano County, and
the home of Six
Flags Discovery Kingdom. |
51 |
Berkeley |
118,853 |
Alameda |
 |
Noted
as one of the most politically
liberal in the nation, the city is home to the University
of California, Berkeley, the oldest of the University
of California system. |
52 |
El
Monte |
116,631 |
Los
Angeles |
 |
El
Monte lies in the San Gabriel
Valley region and was formerly a crossroad along the
Old Spanish
Trail. It is home to Penske
Motor Group, one of the largest car dealerships in
the world. |
53 |
Downey |
114,172 |
Los
Angeles |
 |
Located
southeast of downtown Los Angeles, Downey is the birthplace
of the Apollo space program
and the site of the oldest
surviving McDonald's restaurant. |
54 |
Costa
Mesa |
112,784 |
Orange |
 |
Since
its incorporation in 1953, Costa Mesa has grown from a
semi-rural farming community to a primarily suburban city
with an economy based on retail, commerce, and light manufacturing. |
55 |
Carlsbad |
112,299 |
San
Diego |
 |
Carlsbad
is an affluent, coastal resort city in the North
San Diego County region. The city is mainly known
for shopping, tourism, a booming high-tech industry, and
resort living. |
56 |
Inglewood |
111,905 |
Los
Angeles |
 |
Located
southwest of downtown Los Angeles, Inglewood is home of
the landmark Randy's Donuts
and The
Forum arena. |
57 |
Fairfield |
111,125 |
Solano |
 |
Fairfield
is the county seat of Solano County, but not the largest
city in the county, which is Vallejo.
It is the home of Travis
Air Force Base and the Jelly
Belly jelly bean factory. |
58 |
Ventura |
109,484 |
Ventura |
 |
Ventura,
officially the City of San Buenaventura, is the county
seat of Ventura County. Ventura Harbor is home to the
headquarters of Channel
Islands National Park, and boats to the Channel
Islands depart from there daily. |
59 |
Temecula |
109,428 |
Riverside |
 |
Forming
the southwestern anchor of the Inland Empire region, Temecula
is the heart of the Temecula
Valley wine region. |
60 |
Antioch |
108,930 |
Contra
Costa |
 |
Located
along the Sacramento–San
Joaquin River Delta and known as "The Gateway to the
Delta", Antioch is a suburb of San Francisco, Oakland,
and the rest of the San Francisco Bay Area. The town has
seen an enormous amount of growth in the last 30 years,
as the population of the Bay Area continues to grow, and
real estate prices force families to move towards the
outskirts of the Bay Area. In fact, it is located close
enough to the Sacramento Metropolitan area that it can
be seen to serve as a suburb of both Sacramento and the
Bay Area. |
61 |
Richmond |
108,565 |
Contra
Costa |
 |
Richmond
is located in western Contra Costa County along the eastern
shores of San Francisco
Bay. It has been called a company town based on its
relationship with the Chevron
Corporation, and it is the site of the Chevron
Richmond Refinery. |
62 |
West
Covina |
108,455 |
Los
Angeles |
 |
West
Covina is a mostly middle class suburb located east of
downtown Los Angeles in the eastern San
Gabriel Valley. |
63 |
Murrieta |
108,368 |
Riverside |
 |
Formerly
just a small unincorporated town in the Inland
Empire, Murrieta has become one of the fastest growing
cities in the state. It is now largely a commuter town,
with many of its residents commuting to jobs in San Diego
County, Orange County, and the neighboring city of Temecula. |
64 |
Norwalk |
107,096 |
Los
Angeles |
 |
Norwalk
is located southeast of downtown Los Angeles. It is home
to Cerritos College. |
65 |
Daly
City |
106,094 |
San
Mateo |
 |
San
Francisco's southern neighbor, Daly City houses the famous
Cow Palace (which many people
mistakenly believe is in San Francisco), as well as the
largest Filipino population outside of the Philippines. |
66 |
Burbank |
105,368 |
Los
Angeles |
 |
Burbank
is nicknamed the "Media Capital of the World" for being
the home of many media and entertainment production companies,
including Warner Bros. Entertainment,
Warner Music Group,
NBC Universal,
The Walt Disney Company,
ABC, Cartoon
Network Studios, and Nickelodeon. |
67 |
Santa
Maria |
103,410 |
Santa
Barbara |
 |
Santa
Maria, the largest city in Santa Barbara County, is in
the heart of the Santa
Maria Valley wine region and is known for their famous
Santa Maria Style Barbecue. Allan
Hancock College, and St.
Joseph High School are in the city. |
68 |
El
Cajon |
103,091 |
San
Diego |
 |
El
Cajon is located east of San Diego. Nestled in a valley
surrounded by mountains, the city has acquired the nickname
of "The Big Box". |
69 |
San
Mateo |
102,893 |
San
Mateo |
 |
San
Mateo is one of the larger suburbs on the San
Francisco Peninsula. |
70 |
Rialto |
102,741 |
San
Bernardino |
 |
Rialto
is home to four major regional distribution
centers: Staples,
Inc., which serves stores across the entire West
Coast of the United States, Toys
"R" Us, FedEx, and Target |
71 |
Clovis |
102,189 |
Fresno |
 |
Clovis
is the second largest city in Fresno County. Lying at
the foot of the Sierra
Nevada mountain range, which includes Yosemite,
Kings Canyon,
and Sequoia national
parks, Clovis has been known as the "Gateway to the Sierras". |
72 |
Jurupa
Valley |
98,842 |
Riverside |
|
Jurupa
Valley was incorporated July 1, 2011. |
73 |
Compton |
98,597 |
Los
Angeles |
 |
An
inner suburb of Los Angeles, Compton is known for its
large African
American and Latino
communities. The city is home to Richland Farms, one of
the last urban farming communities in the Los Angeles
metro area, and is also almost universally considered
to be the birthplace of gangsta
rap. |
74 |
Vista |
98,079 |
San
Diego |
 |
Vista
is located just 7 miles (11 km) inland from the Pacific
Ocean in northern San Diego County. The city has more
than 25 educational institutions, and a business park
home to over 800 companies. |
75 |
Mission
Viejo |
97,209 |
Orange |
 |
Located
in southern Orange County in the Saddleback
Valley, Mission Viejo is considered one of the largest
master-planned communities
ever built under a single project in the United States.
The city is mainly residential, although there are a number
of offices and businesses within its city limits. |
76 |
South
Gate |
96,312 |
Los
Angeles |
|
Located
southeast of downtown Los Angeles, South Gate is part
of the Gateway Cities region
of Los Angeles County. In 1990, South Gate was one of
ten U.S. communities to receive the All-America
City Award from the National
Civic League. |
77 |
Vacaville |
95,856 |
Solano |
 |
Vacaville
is located nearly halfway between Sacramento and San Francisco.
It is home to several biotechnology/pharmaceutical facilities. |
78 |
Carson |
93,271 |
Los
Angeles |
 |
Carson
is a suburb in the South
Bay region of Greater
Los Angeles. It is home of California
State University, Dominguez Hills, and the StubHub
Center sports complex, housing both of the Major
League Soccer teams for Los
Angeles, the Los
Angeles Galaxy and Chivas USA. |
79 |
Santa
Monica |
92,987 |
Los
Angeles |
 |
Santa
Monica, a famed beachfront city surrounded on three sides
by Los Angeles, is home to a mixture of affluent, single-family
neighborhoods, renters, surfers, young professionals,
and students. It is the site of the world-famous Santa
Monica Pier. |
80 |
San
Marcos |
92,929 |
San
Diego |
 |
San
Marcos is a suburb of San Diego and home of California
State University, San Marcos. |
81 |
Hesperia |
92,749 |
San
Bernardino |
 |
Hesperia
is located in the High
Desert region of the Mojave
Desert 15 miles (24 km) north of San Bernardino. |
82 |
Westminster |
92,068 |
Orange |
 |
Westminster
is known for its Vietnamese
American community, one of the largest in the United
States. |
83 |
Redding |
91,593 |
Shasta |
 |
Located
on the banks of the Sacramento
River, Redding is the largest city in California north
of Sacramento. It is the gateway to numerous recreation
areas including Shasta Lake,
the Trinity Alps, and Mount
Shasta. It is also home to the Sundial
Bridge at Turtle Bay, the world's largest sundial. |
84 |
Santa
Barbara |
91,196 |
Santa
Barbara |
 |
Santa
Barbara is a popular tourist and resort coastal city,
known for its downtown Moorish-Spanish
style architecture, coastal weather, beautiful mountain
backdrops, and numerous sandy beaches. The city's economy
includes a large service sector, education, technology,
health care, finance, agriculture, manufacturing, and
local government. |
85 |
San
Leandro |
89,351 |
Alameda |
 |
Historically
a town with dozens of huge cherry farms and a Spanish
missionary ranch, San Leandro today is a rapidly growing
city of worldwide industries and a suburb of Oakland. |
86 |
Chico |
89,180 |
Butte |
 |
Chico
is the retail hub of the mid-Sacramento Valley and is
home to institutions such as Bidwell
Park, California
State University Chico, and Sierra
Nevada Brewing Company. |
87 |
Hawthorne |
87,583 |
Los
Angeles |
 |
Hawthorne
is a suburb of Los Angeles. It was the home of Brian,
Carl, and Dennis Wilson of the Beach
Boys. Their boyhood home was demolished in the late
1980s during the construction of the Century
Freeway, although it was honored by the dedication
of the Beach Boys Historic Landmark (California Landmark
1041) in May 2005. |
88 |
Whittier |
87,318 |
Los
Angeles |
 |
Whittier
is part of the Gateway Cities
of Los Angeles County and is home to Whittier
College. |
89 |
Newport
Beach |
87,266 |
Orange |
 |
Newport
Beach is an affluent coastal city in Orange County, known
for its beaches and surfing. Newport Harbor is the largest
recreational boat harbor on the West Coast. |
90 |
Livermore |
86,870 |
Alameda |
 |
Located
on the eastern edge of San Francisco Bay Area, Livermore
is home of Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory and the Centennial
Light. It is the largest city in the Tri-Valley
area. |
91 |
Citrus
Heights |
86,145 |
Sacramento |
 |
Citrus
Heights is a suburb located northeast of Sacramento. |
92 |
Tracy |
85,841 |
San
Joaquin |
 |
Tracy
is the second most populated city in San Joaquin County.
The city experienced a growth spurt in the 1980s, becoming
an exurb of the San
Francisco Bay Area as more people looked for a more
affordable alternative to Bay Area home prices and a less
hectic lifestyle. |
93 |
Indio |
85,633 |
Riverside |
 |
Indio
is located in the Coachella
Valley region of the Sonoran
Desert, 23 miles (37 km) east of Palm
Springs and 134 miles (216 km) east of Los
Angeles. Indio and its surrounding communities are
regarded as a major agricultural center for Southern
California and is the home of the world-renowned Coachella
Valley Music and Arts Festival. |
94 |
Alhambra |
85,569 |
Los
Angeles |
 |
Alhambra
is located in the western San
Gabriel Valley region, east of downtown Los Angeles. |
95 |
Menifee |
85,182 |
Riverside |
|
Menifee
is a relatively new city, incorporated in 2008, which
includes the communities of Sun City, Quail Valley, Paloma
Valley and portions of Romoland in southwestern Riverside
County. |
96 |
Chino |
84,723 |
San
Bernardino |
 |
Chino
and its surroundings have long been a center of agriculture
and dairy farming, serving the considerable demands for
milk products in Southern California and much of the southwestern
United States. |
97 |
Buena
Park |
83,105 |
Orange |
 |
Buena
Park, in northwestern Orange County, is home of Knott's
Berry Farm and several other tourist attractions. |
98 |
Hemet |
83,032 |
Riverside |
 |
Hemet,
in the San Jacinto Valley,
is the home of the Ramona
Pageant, one of the longest running outdoor plays
in the United States. |
99 |
Redwood
City |
82,881 |
San
Mateo |
 |
Redwood
City, the county seat of San
Mateo County, is a technology center and deepwater port
located on the San
Francisco Peninsula. |
100 |
Merced |
81,743 |
Merced |
 |
Merced,
in the San Joaquin Valley,
is known as the "Gateway to Yosemite"; it is less than
two hours by car from Yosemite
National Park. The area is also home to the University
of California, Merced. |
References
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